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北車　英文｜ IMD全球競爭力排名台灣退居第7

IMD announces its 2012 World Competitiveness Rankings
Top 3 are Hong Kong, US and Switzerland

US competitiveness remains the key to global recovery
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May 31, 2012

IMD today announced the findings of its annual World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY). The WCY rankings measure how well countries manage their economic and human resources to increase their prosperity.

The most competitive of the 59 ranked economies in 2012 are Hong Kong, the US and Switzerland (see overall rankings table below). Despite all its setbacks, the US remains at the center of world competitiveness because of its unique economic power, the dynamism of its enterprises and its capacity for innovation.

"US competitiveness has a deep impact on the rest of the world because it is uniquely interacting with every economy, advanced or emerging. No other nation can exercise such a strong "pull effect" on the world. Europe is burdened with austerity and fragmented political leadership and is hardly a credible substitute, while a South-South bloc of emerging markets is still a work in progress. In the end, if the US competes, the world succeeds!" said Professor Stephane Garelli, director of IMD's World Competitiveness Center.

The most competitive nations in Europe are Switzerland (3), Sweden (5) and Germany (9), which have export-oriented manufacturing and fiscal discipline. Meanwhile, Ireland (20), Iceland (26) and Italy (40) look better equipped to bounce back than Spain (39), Portugal (41) and Greece (58), which continue to scare investors.

Emerging economies are not yet immune to turmoil elsewhere. China (23), India (35) and Brazil (46) have all slipped in the rankings, while Russia (48) climbed only one place. All Asian economies have declined apart from Hong Kong (1), Malaysia (14) and Korea (22). Latin America also had a tough year, with every nation falling except Mexico (37).

Globalization and economic reform under threat

One-third of the 329 ranking criteria come from an exclusive IMD survey of more than 4,200 international executives, which reveals a growing skepticism in some of the 59 economies toward globalization and the need for economic reforms (see charts).

Globalization is still seen as a positive development in Ireland, Scandinavia, Chile, the UAE and many Asian economies. But attitudes are much more negative in Greece, Russia, most of Eastern Europe, a growing part of Latin America, and, last of all, in France.

Attitudes toward reforms are more positive in Ireland, emerging Asia, Qatar and the UAE, Switzerland and Sweden. But the impetus for reform is much weaker in Argentina, the Czech Republic, Spain, and lastly – again – in France, where austerity is seen as a cure worse than the disease.

"The recession has made the world economy more fragmented and diverse than ever, forcing companies to operate several parallel business models," said Professor Garelli. "Emerging economies are relying on domestic demand and national champion companies to insulate themselves from economic turmoil, while the "submerging" developed economies are turning to re-industrialization. In both cases, economic nationalism is back and protectionism is tempting." 

日前IMD發布全球競爭力評比，台灣排名退步，府院低調以對，猶記得去年排名提升時，府院是何等大張旗鼓、何等歡樂的召開記者會發布這項好消息。

    　全世界大概找不出第二個如此在意競爭力評比的國家，十多年來台灣不論誰執政，總是提心吊膽的面對5月IMD及9月WEF這兩份競爭力報告，名次下滑則悄然無聲，名次上升則高調發布，總不能以平常心視之，執政者信心之不足，於此可知。

    　事實上，競爭力排名何需如此錙銖必較？我們只要把IMD與WEF拿來比一下，大概就可以明白這個道理。今年在IMD排名第1的香港，在去年WEF排名僅第11，而在去年WEF排名第9的日本，在今年IMD的排名竟落至第27，排名如此紛紜，我們到底該相信哪一份報告？

    　其實，競爭力本來就是很難量化的概念，當人們想透過指標來呈現時，就會因為評比項目的不同而出現落差。進一步說，用同一套標準來評比開發中國家、已開發國家、人口規模小的國家與人口逾億的國家，是否適當？亦值得商榷。

    　放眼今天經濟發展耀眼的國家，其崛起的過程也不盡相同，日本與四小龍在二戰結束後荒蕪待整，無人看好，但競爭力卻扶搖直上，而南美諸國雖資源豐富，被視為戰後最有潛力的地區，結果卻深受通膨、失業之苦，久久揮之不去，競爭力之難以從有形的資源、數據加以衡量，不言可喻。

    　由此可知，決定競爭力的變數往往不在量化的數據裡，它可能隱於一個進取的文官體系、或隱於一個充滿互信的社會、也有可能隱於一個充滿熱情的教育制度裡，這看似與競爭力無關，也無法量化成指標，但卻是決定競爭力的關鍵所在。

    　政府該追求競爭力，但大可不必對競爭力排名如此地憂喜兩極，參考參考即可。最重要的還是決策者必須明白競爭力所為何來，千萬別顧著追求指標，卻忘了目標。

參考資料：
http://udn.com/NEWS/BREAKINGNEWS/BREAKINGNEWS6/7128033.shtml#ixzz1xASsfPfx
http://news.chinatimes.com/forum/11051403/122012060500362.html
http://www.imd.org/news/IMD-announces-its-2012-World-Competitiveness-Rankings.cfm

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