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北車英文 | 菁英站前校實用英語資訊 出口成【髒】語言學家韋津利妙寫文化史

韋津利（Ruth Wajnryb）12髒話字元

A meticulously researched, highly entertaining, idiosyncratic look at the how, why and what of bad language around the world.

Description

Have we always sworn like troopers? Has creative cursing developed simply because we can't thump someone when they make us mad? And if verbal aggression is universal, why is it that some languages (Japanese for instance) supposedly have no offensive words?

Language once reserved for the footy field---or the labour ward---has broken through the tradesman's entrance, much to the horror of a few refined individuals, but seemingly not anyone much else. Ruth Wajnryb takes an entertaining look at how this came about, and at the origins of some of our more colourful words and phrases. Stepping outside the confines of English, Wajnryb explores whether bad' words are mirrored in other languages, and the cultural differences that exist when it comes to giving offence. Why is it that in some countries you can get away with intimating that a person and their camel are more than just good friends, while pouring scorn on their mother's morals guarantees you a seat on the next flight out?

An amusing and idiosyncratic look at the power of words to shock, offend, insult, amuse, exaggerate, let off steam, and communicate deep-felt emotions, Language Most Foul is a must-read for anyone who loves language---or has ever stubbed their toe.

Ruth Wajnryb has gone where almost no linguist before her has dared to go This well-researched study of foul language is simply fascinating. Written with great humour, it is full of interesting history and funny anecdotes. Giving examples here is not possible without using four-letter words, so just buy the f...ing book.' The Age

A classy drive through the streets and byways of swearing Wajnryb is the grammarian you always wanted: wise, wearing her erudition lightly and enlivening it with sly humour.' Kirkus Reviews

Professor Emeritus: TESOL

A renowned linguist known for her theory on "Dictogloss", Dr. Ruth Wajnryb has recently served as the word/language columnist for Australia's leading newspaper, the Sydney Morning Herald. Dr. Wajnryb received her Ph.D. in Education/Linguistics from Macquarie University and her MA in Applied Linguistics from the University of Sydney. Former Head of TESOL Teacher Education at the University of New South Wales's Institute of Languages, Professor Wajnryb has held a variety of teaching and consulting positions and authored a number of teacher training and Intercultural Studies textbooks for Cambridge University Press and Melting Pot Press. Prof. Wajnryb has taught the courses Classroom Management & Observation, Phonology for Language Teachers and Program Evaluation in Language Education for AU's MA in TESOL degree program.

   　近來萬物喊漲，一位記者進行街訪民眾感受時，受訪者問記者：「我可以說髒話嗎？」記者說：「不行。」受訪者答：「那我就無話可說了。」這段簡短對話顯示了髒話的強烈張力，以及在公開場合「不可言說」的禁忌。髒話與人們生活是如此貼近，但語言學家對於髒話的研究卻寥寥可數，澳洲應用語言學家韋津利（Ruth Wajnryb）的著作《髒話文化史》，便以詼諧風趣的角度書寫髒話的演變過程。

    　韋津利發現，宣稱「記錄英語中每一個字詞」的《牛津英文辭典》，也到一九七○年代初期才收錄所謂的「四字詞」，亦即由四個字母組成的髒話，如fuck（幹）、shit（屎）。優雅人士認為「咒罵具有毀滅性」，因此媒體上口出惡言得消音，北美還有名為「幹譙控制學院」的機構，教導人們如何避免「出口成髒」。但事實上「不曾有任何民族只因國家明令禁止，便放棄咒罵的習慣。」

    　韋津利指出髒話體現三種動機：清滌作用、侵略性和社交關連。前兩者都帶有情緒性的發洩，像是踢到自己的腳趾時的咒罵，以及對他人展現的言語攻擊，至於社交關連則指向男性在群體中，以髒話展露個人不拘小節的豪爽個性，獲得同儕的認同，如果是女性則體現某種女性主義者的色彩。

    　為了嚴肅探討髒話，韋津利選出「十二個髒話主要字元」提供了「言辭行動」，如咒罵、瀆神、詛咒、幹譙、侮辱、猥褻等。不難看出，咒罵最主要的模式就是性和排泄物，「兩者可單獨使用，加在一起達到更強的效果」。

    　韋津利在《髒話文化史》書中亦針對部分「髒肖」進行字源考據。如「屄」自十八世紀開始就被視為猥褻，在書中完整印出是犯法的，而D.H.勞倫斯的《查泰萊夫人的情人》把「屄」字與字義引進書面世界。一九二八年，佛羅倫斯私下印行的是刪節本，一九六○年企鵝出版社打算完整出版這本書，結果被控妨礙風化，還引來一場審判。

    　此外，《髒話文化史》也探討髒話的文化差異性，例如在印尼、阿拉伯最好小心不要說別人是驢子；挪威語的「魔鬼」效力等同於英文的「幹」；千萬別拿伊拉克男人最驕傲的鬍鬚作為咒罵對象，這可是具挑釁意圖。

資料來源：

http://www.anaheim.edu/about-anaheim-university/faculty-and-staff/school-of-education-faculty/243-about/faculty-and-staff/tesol-faculty/936-ruth-wajnryb-phd-ruth-wajnryb-phd

http://news.chinatimes.com/reading/110513/112012042600517.html

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